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Rinderpest
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eradicated morbillivirus disease
†Morbillivirus pecoris
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Riboviria
Kingdom:
Orthornavirae
Phylum:
Negarnaviricota
Class:
Monjiviricetes
Order:
Mononegavirales
Family:
Paramyxoviridae
Genus:
Morbillivirus
Species:
†Morbillivirus pecoris
Synonyms[1]
Rinderpest virus
Rinderpest morbillivirus
Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain ) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic water buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including gaurs, buffalo, bison, antelope, deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs.[2] The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality. Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations.[3] Rinderpest was mainly transmitted by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.[4]
Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, and to have spread by transport of cattle.[5][6][7] The term Rinderpest (German: [ˈʁɪndɐpɛst] ⓘ) is a German word meaning "cattle plague".[2][7] Rinderpest virus (RPV) belongs to the genus Morbillivirus, alongside measles virus - its closest relative - and canine distemper virus.[8] The measles virus may have diverged from rinderpest around the 6th century BC, coinciding with the first human settlements large enough to sustain endemic measles transmission.[9] After a global eradication campaign that began in the mid-20th century, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001.[10] In 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest. This makes it only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out, following smallpox.[11][12]
Virus<br>[edit]
Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a member of the genus Morbillivirus, which also includes the measles and canine distemper viruses.[8] Like other members of the Paramyxoviridae family, it produces enveloped virions and is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The virus is particularly fragile and is quickly inactivated by heat, desiccation, and sunlight.[13]
Measles virus and rinderpest virus diverged from a common ancestor, most likely a cattle-infecting virus.[9] Earlier molecular clocks estimates have been superseded by a 2020 study, which sequenced the genome of a 1912 measles virus recovered from a preserved lung specimen and revised the estimated time of divergence to the 6th century BC (mean 528 BC, with a 95% credible interval of 1174 BC to 165 CE), coinciding with the rise of large cities.[9][14] The spillover to humans; and thus the emergence of measles; could have occurred at any point between this divergence and the most recent common ancestor of all known measles virus strains, estimated at 1880 CE.[9]
Disease and symptoms<br>[edit]
A cow with rinderpest in the "milk fever" position, 1982<br>Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations.[3] The disease was mainly spread by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.[4]
Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and nasal and eye discharges. Subsequently, irregular erosions appear in the mouth, the lining of the nose, and the genital tract.[3] Acute diarrhea, preceded by constipation, is also a common feature.[4] Most animals die 6-12 days after the onset of these clinical signs.[3] The delayed appearance of these signs of illness account for the steady spread of the disease once a historical outbreak began; an animal infected by rinderpest undergoes an incubation period of 3–15 days. Signs of the disease only manifest at the end of that time. Cattle and wild ungulates typically die 8–12 days after signs of the disease emerge, by which time the animals may have travelled far from the place of infection and been mixed with many other animals.[15]
History and epizootics<br>[edit]
See also: Epizootic
God's Punishment on the Netherlands through the Cattle Plague, 1745 by Jan Smit<br>Early history<br>[edit]
The disease is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle.[7] Other cattle epizootics are noted in ancient times; a cattle plague is...