[2605.26731] It's Not the Capability: Harness Sensitivity Is Non-Monotone Across LLM Agent Tiers

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Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence

arXiv:2605.26731 (cs)

[Submitted on 26 May 2026]

Title:It's Not the Capability: Harness Sensitivity Is Non-Monotone Across LLM Agent Tiers

Authors:Yong-eun Cho<br>View a PDF of the paper titled It's Not the Capability: Harness Sensitivity Is Non-Monotone Across LLM Agent Tiers, by Yong-eun Cho

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Abstract:A prevalent assumption in LLM agent deployment holds that more structured harnesses universally improve

reliability, and that higher-capability models need proportionally less structural guidance -- together

implying a monotone inverse relationship between model capability tier and optimal harness complexity. We

test this hypothesis through a controlled 432-run experiment crossing six models across four capability

tiers with three harness conditions (light, balanced, strict) on HEAT-24, a 24-task synthetic benchmark

with git-based workspace verification. Our results refute the monotone inverse relationship on two

fronts. First, for the frontier chat model evaluated (Gemini 2.5 Flash), increased harness verbosity

lowers VTSR by 29-38 percentage points -- a harness-complexity paradox. Second, for the frontier

reasoning model evaluated (Qwen3.5-122B, extended thinking enabled), strict harness achieves the highest

VTSR (91.7%) and the lowest latency, the opposite of the prediction. Within the constrained tier, a 2B

model (Gemma4:e2B) matches strong-open-tier stability at 91.7% across all harnesses. Because each tier is

represented by a single model in this study, these results should be interpreted as model-specific

observations; harness sensitivity appears non-monotone across the models evaluated, and depends

critically on model type (chat vs. reasoning). We introduce a six-label failure taxonomy showing that

format_violation dominates capable-model failures while wrong_file dominates low-capability failures, and

we derive practical tier-aware harness selection guidelines.

Comments:<br>9 pages, 3 figures

Subjects:

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL)

Cite as:<br>arXiv:2605.26731 [cs.AI]

(or<br>arXiv:2605.26731v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.26731

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history<br>From: Yong Eun Cho [view email]<br>[v1]<br>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:08:41 UTC (55 KB)

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View a PDF of the paper titled It's Not the Capability: Harness Sensitivity Is Non-Monotone Across LLM Agent Tiers, by Yong-eun Cho<br>View PDF<br>HTML (experimental)<br>TeX Source

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