Mystery GPS jammer in Iran becomes test for NASA satellites’ capabilities - Ars Technica
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NASA satellites designed to observe cyclone wind speeds and collapsing ice sheets have also proven capable of identifying the approximate locations of GPS jammers. That could help monitor high-risk areas for aircraft and ships navigating the growing prevalence of GPS interference worldwide.
Two different NASA satellite systems showed how they could locate a known but mysterious GPS jammer within several kilometers of its position in Iran, according to an experiment by Sean Gorman, CEO and cofounder of the location-based technology company Zephr.xyz that was detailed in the magazine GPS World. Such jammers use strong signals to overpower the weaker radio signals coming from US-operated GPS satellites and other global navigation satellite systems.
Such NASA satellites cannot perform “near-real time monitoring” or pinpoint the exact location of GPS jammers, said Clara Chew, principal scientist and lead of the GNSS systems and data team at the California-based satellite manufacturer Muon Space, who was not involved in the study. But Chew told Ars that identifying the approximate locations of GPS jammers “could potentially be helpful for flight planning” or for “indicating high risk areas for maritime shipping.”
One of the NASA satellite systems, the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), has eight microsatellites that detect GPS signals reflected from ocean surfaces to measure wind speeds within the eyewalls of hurricanes, tropical cyclones, and typhoons. When an Earth-based jammer turns on, the effect creates a huge footprint in the reflected GPS signals that can show up hundreds of kilometers from the jammer’s location.
The other satellite system, NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR), typically uses radar imaging to continually map and track changes across the Earth’s surface, including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and ice sheet collapses. GPS jammer emissions create streaks in the NISAR radar imagery that run perpendicular to flight direction—meaning that “each streak encodes the jammer’s direction relative to the satellite’s ground track,” Gorman wrote in his GPS World article.
“CYGNSS sees the jammer’s effect on reflected GPS signals, offering an indirect measurement spread across hundreds of specular reflection points,” Gorman wrote. “NISAR sees the jammer’s emissions directly in its own receiver, which is a more precise measurement, but only along the satellite’s narrow ground track.”
Comparing satellite systems
To validate the NASA satellite systems’ performances using a known jammer location, Gorman and colleagues first used “independent signals intelligence” to identify and locate a GPS jammer operating near the city of Shiraz in Iran. This mystery jammer has been active since the start of 2026 and has continued operating at even higher power since the war began with the US and Israel attacking Iran on February 28, 2026.
The researchers then ran a controlled experiment that looked at the NASA satellite data during two “jammer on” dates from January 8 and January 20, 2026, along with two “jammer off” dates from December 15 and December 27, 2025. They applied several detection and signal analysis techniques to both the CYGNSS and NISAR data in order to come up with the best approximations for the GPS jammer’s location.
The experiment showed that CYGNSS located the jammer within 4.33 kilometers of the ground truth, with a circular error probable of 3.48 kilometers. The latter means 50 percent of the estimates from repeated analyses on many similar jammers would fall within 3.48 kilometers.
By comparison, NISAR located the jammer to within 6.26 kilometers of the ground truth while demonstrating a circular error probable of 6.88 kilometers. So CYGNSS came out on top.
Still image showing NISAR’s orbit and ground swath (in orange), alongside the rest of NASA’s Earth-observing satellite fleet, such as the CYGNSS micro-satellites (in cyan).
Credit:<br>Kel Elkins | NASA
Still image showing NISAR’s orbit and ground swath (in orange), alongside the rest of NASA’s Earth-observing satellite fleet, such as the CYGNSS micro-satellites (in cyan).
Credit:
Kel Elkins | NASA
Gorman and colleagues also attempted to combine “CYGNSS’s wide-area sensitivity with NISAR’s geometric precision” in a fused approach. That fused result located the jammer to within 4.69 kilometers with a circular error probable of 7.85 kilometers, which fell short of the standalone...