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Microsoft says new quantum chip 1,000 times more reliable than predecessor
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Zoe KleinmanTechnology editor
Microsoft
The Majorana 2 chip
Microsoft says its new quantum chip is vastly more reliable than its previous version, paving the way for a quantum computer solving commercially useful problems within three years.
At the heart of quantum computing are qubits, which offer the promise of answering questions that defeat today's machines, but are notoriously delicate and unstable.
Microsoft says the qubits on Majorana 2, its new chip, survive for an average of 20 seconds, rather than the milliseconds of Majorana 1.
That means the new chip is 1,000 times more reliable - an improvement in performance the tech giant compares to the difference between a phone that needs charging every day to one which needs charging every few years.
"We will have a quantum machine in 2029 that can solve commercially viable, reasonable problems", said Zulfi Alam, corporate vice president of Microsoft Quantum.
That would still require huge further advances as such a device would require millions of qubits - the current chip, Alam said, has 12.
Assessing the firm's claims are difficult because it does not release the full details of what it has discovered publicly, citing commercial confidentiality.
There is a worldwide race to develop the technology, given its potential to take on tasks currently considered too enormous for even the most powerful traditional computers.
Microsoft has spent 20 years pursuing an approach to quantum computing known as "topological".
The firm's approach to this is based on exploiting the properties of a so-called quasi-particle, which had existed only in theory, since it was first predicted in the 1930s by Italian physicist Ettore Majorana.
To do this it had to exploit a novel state of matter - different from the three familiar states of liquid, solid or gas.
Paul Stevenson, a physics professor at the University of Surrey, said the tech giant's timeline sounded plausible - if its research lived up to its claims.
"Microsoft appears to have made a leap in their attempt to produce viable topological qubits," he said.
"If they succeed, they will leap from being a player with no production quantum computer, to being a serious player in the race to make the next generation of fault-tolerant machines."
Explained: How quantum computers work
False start
Microsoft's focus on topological qubits has, at times, been controversial.
It was forced to retract a paper published in the journal Nature in 2018 in which it claimed to have found evidence for the Majorana.
But it continued working on it, and its first Majorana chip was released in 2025.
However, Microsoft faced considerable scepticism, including over its claims about Majorana's, from unconvinced experts.
Henry Legg, a physicist at the university of St Andrews, told the BBC at the time that in his opinion Microsoft's quantum research had "moved firmly away from science and entered the realm of faith".
Today, Jason Zander, executive vice president of Microsoft Quantum and Discovery, said: "We stand behind it 100%.
"We really look to scientific rigor. We welcome the debate that has always been part of physics... the key thing I would tell people, go read the papers and look what's there, go talk to the experts that we have given deep information to."
Microsoft is part of the final stage of a quantum development programme run by the US defence research agency Darpa which aims to "verify and validate the firm's utility-scale quantum computer concept" and says it has shared all of its data and workings with it, including commercially sensitive material, for assessment.
But a paper its published alongside the announcement has not been peer reviewed - a process where it is reviewed by independent...