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Oliver Heaviside
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British mathematician and electrical engineer (1850–1925)
"Heaviside" redirects here. For other uses, see Heaviside (disambiguation).
Oliver Heaviside<br>FRS<br>Heaviside, c. 1900<br>Born(1850-05-18)18 May 1850<br>Camden Town, England<br>Died3 February 1925(1925-02-03) (aged 74)<br>Torquay, England, UK<br>Known for<br>Heaviside condition
Heaviside step function
Heaviside cover-up method
Heaviside–Lorentz units
Kennelly–Heaviside layer
Maxwell–Heaviside equations
Telegrapher's equations
Operational calculus
Vector calculus
Coaxial cable
Coining the term impedance
RelativesCharles Wheatstone (uncle-in-law)Awards<br>FRS (1891)[1]
Faraday Medal (1922)
Scientific career Fields<br>Mathematics
Electrical engineering
Oliver Heaviside (/ˈhɛvisaɪd/ HEV-ee-syde;[2] 18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was a British mathematician and electrical engineer who invented a new technique for solving differential equations (equivalent to the Laplace transform), independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations in the form commonly used today. He significantly shaped the way Maxwell's equations were understood and applied in the decades following Maxwell's death. Also, in 1893, he extended them to gravitoelectromagnetism, which was confirmed by Gravity Probe B in 2005. His formulation of the telegrapher's equations became commercially important during his own lifetime, after their significance went unremarked for a long while, as few others were versed at the time in his novel methodology.[3] Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his life, Heaviside changed the face of telecommunications, mathematics, and science.[3]
Early years<br>[edit]
Oliver Heaviside was born on 18 May 1850 at 55 Kings Street (now Plender Street) in Camden Town, England,[4]: 13 the youngest of three children of Thomas Heaviside, a draughtsman and wood engraver, and Rachel Elizabeth West. He was a short and red-headed child, and suffered from scarlet fever when young, which left him with a hearing impairment that he felt hindered his ability to make friends as a child due to him finding it harder to communicate with other children. He described his time in Kings Street as miserable claiming it led him to hate craftspeople and viewing his father's experiences with alcohol encouraged him to abstain from it for all of his life.[5]: 59–61 A small legacy enabled the family to move to a better part of Camden when he was thirteen and he was sent to Camden House Grammar School. He was a good student, placing fifth out of five hundred pupils in 1865, but his parents could not keep him at school after he was 16, so he continued studying for a year by himself and had no further formal education.[5]: 51
Heaviside's uncle by marriage was Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875), an internationally celebrated expert in telegraphy and electromagnetism, and the original co-inventor of the first commercially successful telegraph in the mid-1830s. Wheatstone took a strong interest in his nephew's education,[6] and in 1867 sent him north to work with his older brother Arthur Wheatstone, who was managing one of Charles' telegraph companies in Newcastle upon Tyne.[5]: 53
Two years later he took a job as a telegraph operator with the Danish Great Northern Telegraph Company laying a cable from Newcastle to Denmark using British contractors. He soon became an electrician. Heaviside continued to study while working, and by the age of 22 he published an article in the prestigious Philosophical Magazine on 'The Best Arrangement of Wheatstone's Bridge for measuring a Given Resistance with a Given Galvanometer and Battery'[7] which received positive comments from physicists who had unsuccessfully tried to solve this algebraic problem, including Sir William Thomson, to whom he gave a copy of the paper, and James Clerk Maxwell. When he published an article on the duplex method of using a telegraph cable,[8] he poked fun at R. S. Culley, the engineer in chief of the Post Office telegraph system, who had been dismissing duplex as impractical. Later in 1873 his application to join the Society of Telegraph Engineers was turned down with the comment that "they didn't want telegraph clerks". This riled Heaviside, who asked...