[2503.15669] ECO: An LLM-Driven Efficient Code Optimizer for Warehouse Scale Computers

25k changed lines of production code, across over 6.4k submitted commits, with a >99.5% production success rate. Over the past year, ECO has consistently resulted in significant performance savings every quarter. On average, the savings produced per quarter are equivalent to over 500k normalized CPU cores."/>

25k changed lines of production code, across over 6.4k submitted commits, with a >99.5% production success rate. Over the past year, ECO has consistently resulted in significant performance savings every quarter. On average, the savings produced per quarter are equivalent to over 500k normalized CPU cores." />

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Computer Science > Software Engineering

arXiv:2503.15669 (cs)

[Submitted on 19 Mar 2025]

Title:ECO: An LLM-Driven Efficient Code Optimizer for Warehouse Scale Computers

Authors:Hannah Lin, Martin Maas, Maximilian Roquemore, Arman Hasanzadeh, Fred Lewis, Yusuf Simonson, Tzu-Wei Yang, Amir Yazdanbakhsh, Deniz Altinbüken, Florin Papa, Maggie Nolan Edmonds, Aditya Patil, Don Schwarz, Satish Chandra, Chris Kennelly, Milad Hashemi, Parthasarathy Ranganathan<br>View a PDF of the paper titled ECO: An LLM-Driven Efficient Code Optimizer for Warehouse Scale Computers, by Hannah Lin and 16 other authors

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Abstract:With the end of Moore's Law, optimizing code for performance has become paramount for meeting ever-increasing compute demands, particularly in hyperscale data centers where even small efficiency gains translate to significant resource and energy savings. Traditionally, this process requires significant programmer effort to identify optimization opportunities, modify the code to implement the optimization, and carefully deploy and measure the optimization's impact. Despite a significant amount of work on automating program edits and promising results in small-scale settings, such performance optimizations have remained elusive in large real-world production environments, due to the scale, high degree of complexity, and reliability required.

This paper introduces ECO (Efficient Code Optimizer), a system that automatically refactors source code to improve performance at scale. To achieve these performance gains, ECO searches through historical commits at scale to create a dictionary of performance anti-patterns that these commits addressed. These anti-patterns are used to search for similar patterns in a code base of billions of lines of code, pinpointing other code segments with similar potential optimization opportunities. Using a fine-tuned LLM, ECO then automatically refactors the code to generate and apply similar edits. Next, ECO verifies the transformed code, submits it for code review, and measures the impact of the optimization in production.

Currently deployed on Google's hyperscale production fleet, this system has driven >25k changed lines of production code, across over 6.4k submitted commits, with a >99.5% production success rate. Over the past year, ECO has consistently resulted in significant performance savings every quarter. On average, the savings produced per quarter are equivalent to over 500k normalized CPU cores.

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Software Engineering (cs.SE)

Cite as:<br>arXiv:2503.15669 [cs.SE]

(or<br>arXiv:2503.15669v1 [cs.SE] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.15669

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

Submission history<br>From: Hannah Lin [view email]<br>[v1]<br>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 19:52:35 UTC (1,592 KB)

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