Massive breach spills credentials for thousands of sensitive networks - Ars Technica
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Researchers have uncovered a massive breach of Fortinet firewalls that has given Russian-speaking attackers near-unrestricted access to some of the world’s largest and most powerful organizations, including Oracle, Chevron, Lenovo, Federal Express, a NATO defense contractor, and Fortinet itself.
Nearly 74,000 Fortinet devices from more than 21,000 IP addresses in 194 countries have been compromised and their plaintext credentials exposed online, Bob Diachenko, a security researcher and head of SecurityDiscovery.com, said online and in an interview. He said he found the data after gaining access to the attackers’ command-and-control server and other infrastructure. The exposed data also included the industry, revenue, and employee count for each compromised organization.
Exceptional scale, poor opsec
Independent researcher Kevin Beaumont reported that “almost all” of the compromised devices remained online as of Wednesday morning. He went on to say that he has confirmed with multiple organizations found in the attackers’ logs that the credentials are real and current. In many cases, once the threat actors compromised the devices, they went on to access affected organizations’ centralized authentication systems, such as Radius servers and Microsoft Active Directory. The number of compromised devices comprises roughly half of all Internet-facing Fortinet firewalls, based on polling from Shodan.
“The scale of this breach touches nearly every sector of the global economy, sparing no industry,” researchers from Hudson Rock, a security firm that also analyzed the data, wrote. “The threat actors have built a verified database of working credentials for some of the largest enterprises on the planet.”
Diachenko, Beaumont, and Hudson Rock all urged Fortinet users to investigate their networks immediately for signs of compromise. Hudson Rock provided this search engine for locating affected domains.
The scale of the operation is exceptional. The threat actor, which Diachenko said was criminally motivated, started by mass-scanning the Internet for FortiGate remote login endpoints. They then used a custom binary with 25,000 threads to spray hundreds of thousands of those endpoints with thousands of login and password combinations. Successful attempts now gave the attackers a “network tap inside the organization.”
Hudson Rock said the attackers went on to “actively intercept SSL VPN authentication hashes and crack them using a massive, dedicated 45-GPU cluster managed via Hashtopolis.” From there, they used the GPU cluster to crack the hashes, meaning to try massive combinations of plain-text passwords until they found the right one. These passwords allowed the threat actors to move laterally to compromise Active Directory environments and other centralized authentication systems.
“This aggressive methodology has led to severe, real-world consequences,” Hudson Rock said. “Diachenko’s research confirmed full network compromises at multiple organizations across Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Iraq, and Turkey. Most alarmingly, this includes a Turkish NATO defense contractor from which classified defense documents were successfully exfiltrated by the group.”
In the interview, Diachenko put it more succinctly. “The scale is the sophistication,” he said.
The scale didn’t stop there. The attackers used the massive cluster to run a” feedback-driven, 12-level recursive system.” In other words, there wasn’t a single flat dictionary run. Password candidates came from custom dictionaries with as many as eight words, common keyboard patterns, and cracking rules. Each one looped back with each step. When guesses were successful, the passwords were fed back as seeds to generate still more candidates. In other words, the cracking techniques improved with each successful guess.
“They were quite innovative on that,” the researcher said.
The innovation contrasts sharply with the operational security of the attackers, who left artifacts on the server they used. In hacker circles, such moves are considered amateur mistakes.
Hudson Rock said that the top countries where compromised devices were found were India, the US, Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey, and Thailand. The top industries affected were IT services, construction materials, telecommunications, construction and engineering, industrial equipment, and financial services. Other organizations whose data appeared in the database included: Foxconn, Samsung, Comcast,...