The art of the swarm: Systemic rivalry with China on European terms – European Council on Foreign Relations

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Illustration by Portia Kentish

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Summary

Europe’s leaders are clear-eyed about the threat China poses to the continent’s industry, political economy and security. But to date, they have responded one tariff, one sector and one security restriction at a time.

These measures show Beijing exactly where to apply pressure to deter an effective response from Europe.

Instead, the EU needs to turn its system into...