Europe Leads World in Heat Deaths Despite Fewer Hot Days

Close menu

Editor's note: This article is adapted from a piece originally published in Dutch in de Volkskrant.<br>Here is a trivia question: which continent suffers the most heat-related deaths per capita? By a wide margin, the dubious prize goes to… Europe. In the summer of 2022 alone, more than 61,000 Europeans died as a result of the heat.<br>In case you feel geographically confused: no, the equator does not run through Brussels. Thanks to its northern latitude, Europe in fact endures fewer heat days than almost any other inhabited region on Earth. How, then, can it hold the record for heat mortality? Part of the story is of course demographic. Europe has one of the oldest populations in the world, and the elderly are far more vulnerable to high temperatures. But age explains only a sliver of the gap. The United States is greying too, and Japan is older still than both—yet the risk of dying from heat in either country is dramatically lower.<br>The real explanation comes down to two letters Europe stubbornly refuses to learn: A/C. Across the continent, only about a fifth of homes have air-conditioning, against nearly 90 percent in the United States and more than 90 percent in Japan.<br>Anyone who doubts the causal link should consult the historical record. The economist Alan Barreca has shown that the risk of death on extremely hot days in the United States fell by roughly 75 percent over the twentieth century—a decline that happened in lockstep with the mass adoption of air conditioning after 1960. In Texas, where summer temperatures routinely climb past 40°C (104°F), your odds of dying from extreme heat are barely higher than on any ordinary day. In Paris or Amsterdam, by contrast, where the authorities declare heat emergencies at a balmy 27°C (81°F), they are far higher.<br>Nor does heat affect only the old. For every degree above 25°C (77°F), our cognitive performance declines by around two percent. And if synapses suffer, so does economic activity. Lee Kuan Yew, the architect of modern Singapore, was once asked to name the secret of his tropical city-state's economic miracle. His answer consisted of the same two letters, A/C, which he hailed as one of the signal inventions of history. By keeping the heat outside, Singapore could stay productive all year round.<br>Lee Kuan Yew:

“Air conditioning was a most important invention for us, perhaps one of the signal inventions of history. It changed the nature of civilization by making development possible in the tropics. Without air conditioning you can work only in the cool early-morning… https://t.co/VV6wOQG1jZ pic.twitter.com/f0Uil7bJAc<br>— Trung Phan (@TrungTPhan) June 23, 2026

So why does Europe recoil from a technology which the rest of the developed world (and even large parts of the developing world) takes for granted? Part of the answer is historical and cultural. Northern Europe in particular, with its cool climate and mild seasonal swings, had little need for cooling until a few decades ago. But that excuse no longer cuts much ice. The deeper cause is an ideological “less is more” sensibility, more potent in Europe than anywhere else, which frames artificial cooling as a decadent indulgence—something for profligate Yankees with oversized SUVs and backyard pools.<br>That this instinct is especially rampant among European progressives is even more puzzling. Leftists of old such as Karl Marx and Sylvia Pankhurst dreamed of universal abundance and denounced the scarcity mindset; they wanted the masses to share in the comforts once reserved for the rich, not to ration them in the name of nature or virtue. Today's green gospel of restraint quietly inverts that aspiration, with comfort itself becoming suspect.<br>In practice, Europeans of all ages are told to suck it up and sweat it out. France would sooner close its schools in a heat wave than fit them with devices that demonstrably improve concentration and learning. In the Swiss canton of Geneva, installing an air conditioner requires a doctor's certificate. During the recent energy crisis, Spain and Italy barred public buildings from cooling below 27°C— hot enough to dull your cognitive powers by 5 percent.<br>The resistance is baked into European regulation. In many countries a conventional air conditioner lowers your building's energy rating. The result is entirely predictable: owners and landlords decline to install units, or rip out the ones they have. Those left without built-in cooling fall back on drafty, inefficient portables that can scarcely make a dent in the temperature. I own one myself—a wheezing box with a fat hose shoved through a rickety fabric covering the window. It is the thermodynamic equivalent of mopping the floor with the tap running, but that’s simply the direction in which Europe’s regulations have nudged me.<br>The A/C-aversion has even penetrated into the commanding heights of European officialdom. In its public guidance on heat, the World...