Sharing an old project of mine, on my RTX 500 Ada laptop GPU, it can simulate up to 4 million particles at ~400 ms per step using the Barnes-Hut algorithm, saturating the 4GB of VRAM available.The octree construction is fast, as well as the traversal. The major bottlenecks are the VRAM usage (1 million bodies require ~1GB), which could be probably halved by reusing intermediate buffers, and the particle to leaf evaluation, which would benefit from more fp32 FLOPS. Moreover, I still don t have a good heuristic to predetermine the size of the BFS queue, perhaps some sort of memory paging could solve the issue.