Formally verified temporal collisions in Kafka, NATS, RabbitMQ, and Pulsar

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Deductive Verification of Temporal Collisions in Distributed Message Brokers | Zenodo

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Published July 10, 2026

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Deductive Verification of Temporal Collisions in Distributed Message Brokers

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Rochev, Illia

Description

Asynchronous message brokers with at-least-once delivery semantics—Apache Kafka, RabbitMQ, and NATS JetStream—exhibit a fundamental temporal collision: a consumer may crash between storing a result and committing the offset, causing duplicate execution upon redelivery. We present a formal verification study across all three brokers under four delivery modes using 12 TLA+ models and TLC model checking (108 configurations), cross-validated with Docker and Toxiproxy fault injection. Pulse-coupled synchronization is shown not to eliminate the crash window

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Keywords and subjects

Keywords

Asynchronous message broker

temporal collisions

formal verification

TLA+

model checking

Apache Kafka

RabbitMQ

NATS JetStream

Distributed Computing

Formal Methods

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DOI

10.5281/zenodo.21298530

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Resource type<br>Preprint

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English

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Copyright (C) 2026 Rochev Illia

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Created

July 10, 2026

Modified

July 10, 2026

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