[2607.12575] How Agentic Is Agentic Commerce? A Population-Scale Measurement of x402 Adoption and Authenticity

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arXiv:2607.12575 (cs)

[Submitted on 14 Jul 2026]

Title:How Agentic Is Agentic Commerce? A Population-Scale Measurement of x402 Adoption and Authenticity

Authors:Shengchen Ling, Yajin Zhou, Lei Wu, Cong Wang<br>View a PDF of the paper titled How Agentic Is Agentic Commerce? A Population-Scale Measurement of x402 Adoption and Authenticity, by Shengchen Ling and 3 other authors

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Abstract:AI agents are said to be forming an economy in which they pay, on their own, for the data, APIs, and compute they consume. x402, which settles a stablecoin payment on-chain for each purchase, is the most widely deployed protocol for this, and its hundreds of millions of settlements are read as proof that the economy has arrived. We show the count cannot be read as adoption: it is the one metric an interested party can manufacture almost for free, since the facilitator sponsors the gas and nothing on-chain marks who controls a payment. We give the first population-scale measurement of x402 on Base, supplemented with a coarser Solana census. Identifying settlements from their on-chain event and resolving the true payer through the meta-transaction layer, we sort each by what its trace can prove via a payment graph. Over a 280-day window Base carries 136{,}708{,}672 settlements worth \$44{,}121{,}383.81, concentrated on every axis we measure (payer, recipient, and value Gini all above 0.98), yet 21.20\% are fictitious and 63.78\% internal settlement within a linked cluster. What is genuinely independent is bounded: it lies between the \$187{,}861.35 that demonstrably reaches a nameable service and the \$20{,}258{,}746.09 (45.92\% of value) not provably manufactured. Finally, we resolve the count's manufacturable component, a coherent operator-driven economy, star-shaped, machine-timed, and gas-subsidized. Settlement count measures manufacturability, not adoption.

Subjects:

Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Computers and Society (cs.CY); Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)

Cite as:<br>arXiv:2607.12575 [cs.CR]

(or<br>arXiv:2607.12575v1 [cs.CR] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.12575

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history<br>From: Shengchen Ling [view email]<br>[v1]<br>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 09:47:56 UTC (148 KB)

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