Spiral — continuous-thrust trajectory design

Transfer

LEO → MEO<br>LEO → GEO (ion)<br>LEO → GEO + 28.5°<br>Earth → Mars (EP)

Central body<br>EarthSun

Initial orbit radius (km)

From the body's center — Earth surface ≈ 6,371 km (LEO ≈ 6,778).

Target orbit radius (km)

Plane change Δi (deg)

Edelbaum combined altitude + inclination change.

Thrust (N)

Specific impulse Isp (s)

Initial mass (kg)

Trajectory

The real trajectory, integrated step by step. Green settles into a circular orbit; red means the thrust is too high to circularize and the orbit escapes.

Result

Δv

Transfer time

Propellant

Final mass

Revolutions

Initial accel

↓ Download trajectory (CSV)