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Hedonic treadmill
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Psychological concept
"Hedonic adaptation" redirects here; not to be confused with Hedonic adjustment.
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Graph showing how reported life satisfaction is affected by positive and negative events, and begins to return to the starting level afterward[1]<br>Part of a series onHedonism<br>Thinkers
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Related articles
Hedonic treadmill
Joie de vivre
Paradox of hedonism
"Wine, women and song"
Zichan
The hedonic treadmill , also known as hedonic adaptation , is the conjecture that humans quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness (or sadness) despite major positive or negative events or life changes.[2] According to this theory, as a person makes more money, expectations and desires rise in tandem, which results in no permanent gain in happiness.
Overview<br>[edit]
Hedonic adaptation is an event or mechanism that reduces the affective impact of substantial emotional events. Hedonic adaptation is the supposition that there is a happiness "set point", whereby humans generally maintain a constant level of happiness throughout their lives, despite events they experience.[3][4] The process of hedonic adaptation is conceptualized as a treadmill, since no matter how hard one tries to be happier, one remains in the same place.
Hedonic adaptation can occur in a variety of ways. Generally, the process involves cognitive changes, such as shifting values, goals, attention and interpretation of a situation.[5] The process of adaptation can occur through the tendency of humans to construct elaborate rationales for considering themselves deprived through a process social theorist Gregg Easterbrook calls "abundance denial".[page needed][6] Further, neurochemical processes might possibly desensitize overstimulated hedonic pathways in the brain, which possibly prevents persistently high levels of intense positive or negative feelings.[7]
Behavioral/psychological approach<br>[edit]
"Hedonic treadmill" is a term coined by Brickman and Campbell in their article, "Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society" (1971), describing the tendency of people to keep a fairly stable baseline level of happiness despite external events and fluctuations in demographic circumstances.[3] In 1978 Brickman, et al., began to approach hedonic pleasure within the framework of Helson's adaptation level theory, which holds that perception of stimulation is dependent upon comparison of former stimulations.[8] The hedonic treadmill functions similarly to most adaptations that serve to protect and enhance perception. In the case of hedonics, the sensitization or desensitization to circumstances or environment can redirect motivation. This reorientation functions to protect against complacency, but also to accept unchangeable circumstances.
Frederick and Lowenstein classify three types of processes in hedonic adaptation: shifting adaptation levels, desensitization, and sensitization.[5] Shifting adaptation levels occurs when a person experiences a shift in what is perceived as a "neutral" stimulus, but maintains sensitivity to stimulus differences. For example, if Sam gets a raise he initially feels happier, and then habituates to the larger salary and return to his happiness set point. But he is still pleased when he gets a holiday bonus. Desensitization decreases sensitivity, which reduces sensitivity to change. Those who have lived in war zones for extended periods of time may become desensitized to the destruction that happens...